In the last decade, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology has undergone significant development. New manufacturing companies have emerged and existing models have been enhanced. In the global market, notable manufacturers include Austrian Riegl, American Faro and Trimble, German Z+F, Swiss Leica Geosystems, and Japanese Topcon. This technology has introduced new possibilities for efficient work processes. However, within the professional community, there is still no consensus on accuracy measurement and laser scanner calibration. Typically, manufacturers calibrate laser scanners prior to delivery and recommend users to periodically recalibrate them. Calibration results are directly entered into the device, leaving users without access to calibration parameter values and the method used for their determination. The aim of this study is to investigate terrestrial laser scanners based on measurements conducted in a calibration field. In essence, scanner calibration is analogous to the inverse photogrammetric problem (determining exterior and interior orientation elements), where calibration elements are the unknown parameters (Dorozhyns'kyi, Kolb, & Dorozhyns'ka, 2009). During TLS calibration, the error model is assumed to be similar to that of an electronic theodolite (Rietdorf et al., 2004), although some researchers challenge this approach (Medic et al., 2019). Hence, errors in measured distance (ρ), horizontal angle (φ), and vertical angle (α) are identified as Δρ, Δ φ, and Δα, respectively. Notably, the components of these parameters are determined differently.
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