The paper provides a detailed overview of the main studies of river systems and their catchment basins. It outlines the primary approaches to the studies: hydrological, channel based, geomorphological, and catchment basin based approach. The evolution of the methods used in similar studies is described: from field hydrological and geological-geomorphological to graphic, cartographic, geoinformation modelling. It lists the main distinctive features of the most used classifications and typologies related to the structure of river systems, river valleys and catchments. Special attention is paid to the ecological and geomorphological aspects of the rivers and their basins studies, taking into account anthropogenic changes and the influence of the river system state on the environment. The paper summarises the main achievements in the studies of river systems and further lists the challenges related to the study of the state, dynamics, and the functioning of river basin systems from the standpoint of eco-geomorphology, applied geodynamics, rational nature management, and sustainable land development.
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